Editorial Credits/ Crédits éditorials

Subscription Rates /Prix d'abonnements

Advertising Rates / Tarifs publicitaires (PDF)

Presidential Address
The Psychiatrist and the Clinical Practice of Psychiatry in an Uncertain Environment: Looking Ahead

Le psychiatre et la pratique clinique de la psychiatrie dans un environnement incertain : penser à l’avenir
CPA President
(PDF)

Guest Editorial
Taking Aim at Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Understanding Its Nature and Shooting Down Myths
Murray B Stein
(PDF)

In Review
Epidemiologic Studies of Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Naomi Breslau
(PDF)

PTSD and the Experience of Pain: Research and Clinical Implications of Shared Vulnerability and Mutual Maintenance Models
Gordon JG Asmundson, Michael J Coons, Steven Taylor, Joel Katz
(PDF)

Original Research
Electroconvulsive Therapy Training in Canada: A Call for Greater Regulation
Edward Yuzda, Kathryn Parker, Vivien Parker, Justin Geagea, David Goldbloom
(PDF)

Interrater Reliability of the Fitness Interview Test Across 4 Professional Groups
Jodi L Viljoen, Ronald Roesch, Patricia A Zapf
(PDF)

Posttraumatic Symptoms and Disability in Paramedics
Cheryl Regehr, Gerald Goldberg, Graham D Glancy, Theresa Knott
(PDF)

Brief Communication
Antipsychotic Medication During Pregnancy and Lactation in Women With Schizophrenia: Evaluating the Risk
Sheila W Patton, Shaila Misri, Maria R Corral, Katherine F Perry, Annie J Kuan
(PDF)

Antidepressants and the Risk of Breast Cancer
Paul A Kurdyak, William H Gnam, David L Streiner
(PDF)

Book Reviews
(PDF)

Neuropsychiatry
Reviewed by
Eldon Tunks, MD, FRCPC

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Reviewed by
Nasreen Roberts, FRCPC

Psychiatrie clinique
Revue par
Marc-Alain Wolf, MD

Letters to the Editor
(PDF)

An Analysis of Religion and Mental Illness

Reply: An Analysis of Religion and Mental Illness

Re: Canadian Psychiatric Inpatient Religious Commitment: An Association With Mental Health

Reply: Canadian Psychiatric Inpatient Religious Commitment: An Association With Mental Health

Oxcarbazepine Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Voice Mail as a Transitional Object in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

Critical Appraisal of Extended Treatment Studies in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Gabapentin-Induced Paradoxical Exacerbation of Psychosis in a Patient With Schizophrenia

Probable Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Risperidone- Induced Delirium

Re: Schizophrenia, Suicide, and Blood Count During Treatment With Clozapine

Re: Bilsbury and Others. More on the Phenomenology of Perfectionism—Incompleteness

PTSD and the Experience of Pain: Research and Clinical Implications of Shared Vulnerability and Mutual Maintenance Models

Funding and Support

During the writing of this paper, Dr Asmundson was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research operating grant, and Dr Katz was supported by a Canada Research Chair.

References

1. Resnick HS, Yehuda R, Acierno R. Acute post-rape plasma cortisol, alcohol use, and PTSD symptom profile among recent rape victims. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;21:433–6.

2. Schnurr PP, Jankowski MK. PTSD and physical health: review and synthesis. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1999;4:295–304.

3. Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clin Psychol Rev 2001;21:857–77.

4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

5. Seedat S, Stein MB. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of recent findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2001;3:288–94.

6. Asmundson GJG, Frombach I, McQuaid J, Pedrelli P, Lenox R, Stein MB. Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models. Behav Res Ther 2000;38:203–14.

7. Buckley TC, Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ. A confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behav Res ther 1998;36:1091–9.

8. King DW, Leskin GA, King LA, Weathers FW. Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician- administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Assess 1998;10:90–6.

9. Taylor S, Kuch K, Koch WJ, Crockett DJ, Passey G. The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:154–60.

10. Taylor S, Fedoroff I, Koch WJ, Thordarson DS, Fecteau G, Nicki RM. Posttraumatic stress disorder arising after road traffic collisions: patterns of response to cognitive-behavior therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:541–51.

11. Taylor S, Thordarson DS, Maxfield L, Fedoroff IC, Lovell K, Ogrodniczuk J. Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three treatments for PTSD: exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. J Consult Clin Psychol. Forthcoming.

12. Asmundson GJG, Wright KD. The biopsychosocial model of pain. In: Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD, editors. Pain: psychological perspectives. New Jersey: Erlbaum; Forthcoming

13. Melzack R. From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain 1999;82 (Suppl 6):121–6.

14. Wall PW. On the relation of injury to pain. Pain 1978;6:253–64.

15. Bonica JJ. Achievements of the past and challenges of the future. In: Bonica JJ, Linblom U, Iggo A, editors. Proceedings from the 3rd World Congress on Pain. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy 1987;5:1–36.

16. Mersky H, Bogduck N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms, 2nd ed. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 1994.

17. Waddell G, Richardson J. Observation of overt pain behaviour by physicians during routine clinical examination of patients with low back pain. J Psychosom Res 1992;36:77–87.

18. Nachemson AL. Newest knowledge of low back pain. Clin Orthop 1992;279:8–20.

19. Spengler DM, Bigos SJ, Martin NA. Back injuries in industry: A retrospective study: overview and cost analysis. Spine 1986;11:241–5.

20. International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain. Pain 1986;(Suppl 3):1–226.

21. Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000;85:317–32.

22. Eccleston C, Crombez G, Aldrich S, Stannard C. Attention and somatic awareness in chronic pain. Pain 1997;72:209–15.

23. McNally RJ, Amir N. Perceptual implicit memory for trauma-related information in post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognition and Emotion 1996;10:603–7.

24. Snider BS, Asmundson GJG, Wiese KC. Automatic and strategic processing of threat cues in patients with chronic pain: a modified-stroop evaluation. Clin J Pain 2000;16:144–54.

25. Lang PJ. The emotion probe: studies of emotion and attention. Am Psychol 1995;50:372–85.

26. Asmundson GJG, Norton PJ, Norton RG. Beyond pain: the role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. Clin Psychol Rev 1999;19:97–119.

27. Ibarra P, Bruehl SP, McCubbin JA, Carlson CR, Wilson JF, Norton JA, Montgomery TB. The unusual reaction of opioid blockage with naltrexone in a case of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1994;7:303–9.

28. Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P. Sensory dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients with implications for pathogenic mechanisms. Pain 1996;68:375–83.

29. Beckham JC, Crawford AL, Feldman ME, Kirby AC, Hertzberg MA, Davidson JRT, and others Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain in Vietnam combat veterans. J Psychosom Res 1997;43:379–89.

30. Beckham JC, Moore SD, Feldman ME, Hertzberg MA, Kirby AC, Fairbank JA. Health status, somatization, and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1565–9.

31. Kimerling R, Clum GA, Wolfe J. Relationships among trauma exposure, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and self-reported health in women: replication and extension. J Trauma Stress 2000;13:115–28.

32. Wagner AW, Wolfe J, Rotnitsky A, Proctor SP, Erickson DJ. An investigation of the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on physical health. J Trauma Stress 2000;13:41–55.

33. Engel CC, Liu X, McCarthy BD, Miller RF, Ursano R. Relationship of physical symptoms to posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans seeking care for Gulf War-related health concerns. Psychosom Med 2000;62:739–45.

34. Zatzick D, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Browner WS, Metzler TJ, Golding JM, and others Post-traumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1690–5.

35. Bryant RA, Marosszeky JE, Crooks J, Baguley IJ, Gurka JA. Interaction of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1999;14:588–94.

36. Marshall RP, Jorm AF, Grayson DA, O’Toole BI. Posttraumatic stress disorder and other predictors of health care consumption by Vietnam veterans. Psychiatr Serv 1998;49:1609–11.

37. White P, Faustman W. Coexisting physical conditions among inpatients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med 1989;154:66–71.

38. McFarlane AC, Atchison M, Rafalowicz E, Papay P. Physical symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res 1994;38:715–26.

39. Amir M, Kaplan Z, Neumann L, Sharabani R, Shani N, Buskila D. Posttraumatic stress disorder tenderness and fibromyalgia. J Psychosom Res 1997;42:607–13.

40. Hubbard J, Realmuto GM, Northwood AK, Masten AS. Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses with posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood trauma. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1167–73.

41. Andreski P, Chilcoat H, Breslau N. Post-traumatic stress disorder and somatization symptoms: a prospective study. Psychiatry Res 1998;79:131–8.

42. Asmundson GJG, Norton RG, Allerdings MD, Norton PJ, Larsen DK. Post-traumatic stress disorder and work- related injury. J Anxiety Disord 1998;12:57–69.

43. Bonin MF, Norton GR, Asmundson GJG, Dicurzio S, Pidlubney S. Drinking away the hurt: the nature and prevalence of PTSD in substance abuse patients attending a community-based treatment program. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2000;31:55–66.

44. Geisser ME, Roth RS, Bachman JE, Eckert TA. The relationship between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and pain, affective disturbance and disability among patients with accident and non-accident related pain. Pain 1996;66:207–14.

45. Sherman JJ, Turk DC, Okifuji A. Prevalence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder: Like symptoms on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin J Pain 2000;16:127–34.

46. Walker RD, Howard MO, Anderson B, Walker PS, Lambert MD, Suchinsky R, Johnson M. Diagnosis and hospital readmission rates of female veterans with substance-related disorders. Psychiatr Serv 1995;46:932–7.

47. Benedikt RA, Kolb LC. Preliminary findings on chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:908–10.

48. Hickling EJ, Blanchard EB. Post-traumatic stress disorder and motor vehicle accidents. J Anxiety Disord 1992;6:285–91.

49. Taylor S, Koch WJ. Anxiety disorders due to motor vehicle accidents: nature and treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 1995;15:721–38.

50. Cox BJ, McWilliams L. Mood and anxiety disorders in relation to chronic pain: evidence from the National Comorbidity Study. Pain Res Manag 2002;7 (Suppl A):11A.

51. Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE. The West-Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain 1985;23:345–56.

52. Turk DC, Rudy TE. Towards a comprehensive assessment of chronic pain patients. Behav Res Ther 1987;25:237–49.

53. Turk DC, Rudy TE. Toward an empirically derived taxonomy of chronic pain patients: integration of psychological assessment data. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56:233–8.

54. Asmundson GJG, Bonin MF, Frombach IK, Norton RG. Evidence of a disposition toward fearfulness and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress in dysfunctional pain patients. Behav Res Ther 2000;38:801–12.

55. Reiss S, McNally RJ. The expectancy model of fear. In: Reiss S, Bootzin RR, editors. Theoretical issues in behavior therapy. New York: Academic Press;1985. p 107–21.

56. Taylor S. Anxiety sensitivity: theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999.

57. Taylor S, Koch WJ, McNally RJ. How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxiety disorders? J Anxiety Disord 1992;6:249–59.

58. Taylor S. Anxiety sensitivity and its implications for understanding and treating PTSD. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Forthcoming.

59. Kuch K, Cox BJ, Evans R, Shulman I. Phobias, panic, and pain in 55 survivors of road vehicle accidents. J Anxiety Disord 1994;8:181–7.

60. Asmundson GJG, Norton RG. Anxiety sensitivity in patients with physically unexplained chronic back pain: a preliminary report. Behav Res Ther 1995;33:771–7.

61. Plehn K, Peterson RA, Williams DA. Anxiety sensitivity: its relationship to functional status in patients with chronic pain. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 1998;8:213–22.

62. Fedoroff IC, Taylor S, Asmundson GJG, Koch WJ. Cognitive factors in traumatic stress reactions: predicting PTSD symptoms from anxiety sensitivity and beliefs about harmful events. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2000;28:5–15.

63. Taylor S. Understanding and treating panic disorder: cognitive-behavioural approaches. Chichester:Wiley; 2000.

64. Asmundson GJG. Anxiety sensitivity and chronic pain: empirical findings, clinical implications, and future directions. In: Taylor S, editor. Anxiety sensitivity: theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999. p 269–85.

65. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Role of anxiety sensitivity in pain-related fear and avoidance. J Behavl Med 1996;19:577–86.

66. Muris P, Vlaeyen JWS, Meesters C, Vertongen S. Anxiety sensitivity and fear of pain in children. Percept Mot Skills 2001;92:452–8.

67. Stein MB, Jang KL, Livesley WJ. Heritability of anxiety sensitivity: a twin study. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:246–51.

68. Jang KL, Stein MB, Taylor S, Livesley WJ. Gender differences in the etiology of anxiety sensitivity: a twin study. Jouornal of Gender Specific Medicine 1999;2:39–44.

69. Stein MB, Jang KL, Taylor S, Vernon PA, Livesley WJ. Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a general population twin study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:000–000 . [Q11}

70. Backonja MM. The neural basis of chronic pain, its plasticity and modulation. Behav Brain Sci 1997;20:435–7.

71. McCarson KE, Enna SJ. Nociceptive regulation of GABA-sub(B) receptor gene expression in rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 1999;38:1767–73.

72. Dessein PH, Shipton EA, Cloetey A. Fibromyalgia as a syndrome of neuroendocrine deficiency: a hypothetical model with therapeutic implications. Pain Reviews 1997;4:70–88.

73. Kjorsvik A, Storkson R, Tjolsen A, Hole K. Differential effects of activation of lumbar and thoracic 5-HT- sub(2A/2C) receptors on nociception in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997;56:523–7.

74. Bouton ME, Mineka S, Barlow DH. A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychol Rev 2001;108:4–32.

75. Asmundson GJG, Wright KD, McCreary DR, Pedlar D. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in United Nations peacekeepers: an examination of factor structure in peacekeepers with and without chronic pain. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Forthcoming.

76. Salomons TV, Osterman JE, Gagliese L, Katz J. Pain flashbacks in posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin J Pain. Forthcoming.

77. Pitman RK, Sanders KM, Zusman RM, Healy AR, Cheema F, Lasko NB, and others. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol Psychiatry 2002;51:189–92.

78. Cattell RB. Matched determiners vs. factor invariance: a reply to Korth. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1978;13:431–48.

79. Engel CC Jr, Engel AL, Campbell SJ, McFall ME, Russo J, Katon WJ. Posttraumatic stress disorders symptoms and precombat sexual and physical abuse in Desert Storm veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181:683–8.

80. Beck JG, Freeman JB, Shipherd JC, Hamblen JL, Lackner FM. Specificity of stroop interference in patients with pain and PTSD. J Abnorm Psychol 2001;110:536–43.

81. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, non-patient ed. (SCID-I/NP). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 2001.

82. Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1987;30:191–7.

83. Kerns RD, Jacob MC. Assessment of the psychosocial context of the experience of chronic pain. In: Turk DC, Melzack R, editors. Handbook of pain assessment. New York: Guilford Press; 1992. p 235–53.

84. McCracken LM, Zayfert C Gross RT. The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale: development and validation of a scale to measure fear of pain. Pain 1992;50:67–73.

85. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Charney DS, Keane TM. Clinician administered PTSD scale (revised). Boston: Behavioral Science Division, Boston National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; 1997.

86. Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post- traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1993;6:459–73.

87. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. The PTSD checklist: Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; 1993; San Antonio (TX).

88. Peterson RA, Reiss S. Anxiety Sensitivity Index Revised test manual (OH): IDS Publishing Corporation;1993.

89. Foa EB, Jaycox LH. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Spiegel D, editor. The practice of psychotherapy. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press; Forthcoming.

90. Gatchel RJ, Turk DC. Psychological approaches to pain management: a practitioner’s handbook. New York: Guilford Press; 1996.

91. Philips HC, Rachman SJ. The psychological management of chronic pain: a treatment manual. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 1996.

Author(s)

Manuscript received and accepted November 2002.

1. Associate Professor, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

2. Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

3. Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.

4. Professor, Department of Psychology and School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.

Address for correspondence: Dr GJG Asmundson, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2
e-mail: gordon.asmundson@uregina.ca

1 | 2 | 3 | 4