|
Table 3. Clinical features and lifetime comorbidity in youths having bipolar disorder with and without externalizing disorders |
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|
|
Externalizing |
No externalizing |
||
|
|
n = 12 |
n = 31 |
c2 |
p |
|
Age, mean (SD) |
12.6 (4.5) |
15.8 (1.7) |
–3.42 |
0.001 |
|
Age at onset, mean (SD) |
9. 5 (3.48) |
13.35 (1.85) |
–4.72 |
0.0001 |
|
Clinical global impression, mean (SD) |
4.67 (0.65) |
4.93 (0.83) |
–1.0 |
ns |
|
Bipolar disorder |
||||
|
Type I, n (%) |
2 (16.7) |
22 (71.0) |
|
|
|
Type II, n (%) |
10 (83.3) |
9 (29.0) |
10.34 |
0.001 |
|
Lifetime comorbidity, n (%) |
||||
|
Obsessive–compulsive disorder |
4 (33.3) |
15 (48.4) |
0.79 |
ns |
|
Social phobia |
4 (33.3) |
13 (41.9) |
0.27 |
ns |
|
Panic disorder or agoraphobia |
2 (16.7) |
9 (29.0) |
0.69 |
ns |
|
Separation anxiety disorder |
2 (16.7) |
5 (16.1) |
0.002 |
ns |
|
Generalized anxiety disorder |
2 (16.7) |
6 (19.3) |
0.041 |
ns |
|
Comorbid anxiety disorders, mean (SD) |
1. 17 (1.19) |
1.51 (1.18) |
–0.87 |
ns |
|
Pharmacologic hypomania, n (%) |
3 (25.0) |
9 (29.0) |
0.07 |
ns |
|
Index episode, n (%) |
||||
|
Depressive |
7 (58.3) |
11 (35.5) |
|
|
|
(Hypo)mania |
1 (8.3) |
13 (41.9) |
|
|
|
Mixed |
4 (33.3) |
7 (22.6) |
4.47 |
ns |